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Kenya’s Political Dialogue is a Welcome Sign of Democracy at Work

– if Both Sides Understand Their Roles

by John Mukum Mbaku
August 12, 2023
Reading Time: 7 mins read
Raila Odinga, the leader of the Azimio la Umoja coalition in Kenya. Simon Maina/AFP via Getty Images

Raila Odinga, the leader of the Azimio la Umoja coalition in Kenya. Simon Maina/AFP via Getty Images

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Since Kenya’s presidential election in August 2022, the new government has been in conflict with the opposition. In democratic systems, such conflict is healthy; it can enhance governance. But it must not interfere with the government’s ability to perform its constitutional functions.

In Kenya, the friction between the government and opposition led to mass protests in March 2023. The opposition organized them around rising taxes and the high cost of living.

If carried out peacefully, political protests can deepen democracy. Kenya’s have often deteriorated into violence, however. Heavy-handed government interventions have then created even more violence. This threatens the sustainability of the country’s democratic institutions.

The opposition recently called off street protests to engage the government in dialogue. I have studied democratisation and political economy in Africa for more than two decades, and in my view, these talks are an opportunity to strengthen Kenya’s democratic systems.


Also Read: Raila Blames Dilapidated Economy on Government Bad Policies


Both the government and the opposition have a duty to work towards creating a Kenya in which all citizens can live peacefully, by the values that are important to them, and elect who they want.

But for this to happen, each party to the talks must understand its constitutional role. It must play its part constructively and within the law. The opposition should be a check on the exercise of government power, but it must not obstruct governance. The opposition should evaluate public policy and offer alternatives but allow the government to formulate the national agenda.

On the other hand, the government must recognize the important role the opposition plays in a democratic system. An effective opposition provides the government with feedback that advances national objectives. It contributes positively to peaceful coexistence, the protection of human rights and national development.

The importance of the talks

The opposition suspended its call for mass protests in July 2023 to engage in dialogue with the government. The talks will be facilitated by former Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo. Opposition leader Raila Odinga wants the talks concluded in just over seven weeks.

Odinga’s team of five has tabled five issues. It wants the government to:

  • address the cost of living
  • reconstitute the elections agency
  • audit the 2022 poll
  • prevent state interference with political parties
  • resolve outstanding constitutional issues.

The government also brings a five-member team. Its list includes establishing the offices of the leader of opposition and prime cabinet secretary, as well as implementing gender diversity laws. President William Ruto has said he has no interest in reopening debate on the results of the 2022 election.


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These talks are a welcome sign of Kenya’s democracy maturing. But as the ruling party, Kenya Kwanza, has reminded the opposition coalition, Azimio la Umoja, that the opposition’s job is to analyze government policies and offer alternatives. It is not to force its economic and political agenda on the government.

Regardless of what is on the table for discussion, the dialogue should enhance governance and promote national development.

Parties to the talks should:

  • consider ways to enhance government efficiency, accountability, and productivity
  • concentrate on creating jobs, fighting inflation, and helping Kenyans deal with climate change and other development challenges
  • help Kenya strengthen its democratic institutions, and promote their growth and maturity
  • provide an institutional environment within which all Kenyans, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, can live together peacefully.

Understanding the roles

In emerging democracies, such as Kenya’s, a key source of conflict is the failure or inability of the government, the opposition and their supporters to understand and appreciate the roles that the constitution gives them.

In a functioning democratic system, the opposition is part of the governance architecture. It makes sure that the government is open, transparent, and accountable to both the people and the constitution. However, it must not frustrate or interfere with the government.


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The government must consult and interact peacefully with all stakeholders, not just its supporters. This is critical in a country like Kenya which has a significant diversity of people, cultures, values, languages and economic and social aspirations.

A misunderstanding of roles could paralyze the government and make it non-functional.

Way forward

The present dialogue’s function must be:

  • to strengthen the government, not cripple it
  • to advance the interests of all Kenyans, not just of specific politicians or ethnic groups
  • to improve the rule of law, not to open up political spaces for the benefit of opposition leaders
  • to build the country’s democracy, not to tear it down
  • to unite Kenyans, not to divide them
  • to ensure the advancement of a peaceful and productive Kenya.

Kenya’s national leaders – both in government and opposition – must build a political system in the country that advances inclusive development.The Conversation

John Mukum Mbaku, Professor, Weber State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Tags: Azimio La UmojaCoalitionDemocracyDevelopmentGovernanceKenyaKenya KwanzaMass ProtestsOppositionRaila OdingaUhuru KenyattaWilliam Ruto
John Mukum Mbaku

John Mukum Mbaku

John Mukum Mbaku is a Brady Presidential Distinguished professor of economics and John S. Hinckley Fellow at Weber State University. He is also a nonresident senior fellow at The Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., and an attorney and counselor at law, licensed to practice in the Supreme Court of the State of Utah, the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah, and the U.S. Supreme Court. He received his PhD in economics from the University of Georgia and his JD in law and graduate certificate in natural resources and environmental law from the S. J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. He is a resource person for the Kenya-based African Economic Research Consortium. Professor Mbaku also holds a B.S. (Chemistry) from Berry College (Mount. Berry, Georgia), a B.A. (French Language and Literature) from Weber State University (Ogden, Utah), and an International MBA (IMBA) from the University of South Carolina. His research interests are in public choice, constitutional political economy, sustainable development, law and development, international human rights, intellectual property, rights of indigenous groups, women and children, trade integration and institutional reforms in Africa. Mbaku is the author of Corruption in Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Cleanups (Lexington Books, 2010) and (with Mwangi S. Kimenyi) of Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime (The Brookings Institution Press, 2015) and Protecting Minority Rights in African Countries: A Constitutional Political Economy Approach (Edward Elgar, 2018). On May 22, 2017, John Mukum Mbaku, was admitted and qualified as an Attorney and Counsellor of the Supreme Court of the United States. At Weber State University, John Mukum Mbaku teaches courses in principles of economics, intermediate microeconomics, international trade, business calculus, and economic development. He also works with international students and helps them adjust to college life in the United States. Professor Mbaku also engages with community groups and helps them understand issues such as globalization, outsourcing, and immigration and how they affect economic activities in the United States. Professor Mbaku also visits local schools to talk to students about the U.S. constitution, constitutionalism and the rule of law in the United States and other countries. He is a consultant to several domestic and international news organizations, as well as multilateral organizations (e.g., the African Development Bank), on governance issues in Africa and has appeared on several domestic and international news programs to discuss elections, corruption, sustainable management of natural resources, including water, and various governance-related issues in Africa.

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