More than 2,200 members of the movement and 370 foreign guests are attending the five-day congress deep in Algeria’s desert, at a Sahrawi refugee camp named after Dakhla, an Atlantic port city in what is Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara.
The Polisario’s current head Brahim Ghali, 73, appears to enjoy the vital backing of Algeria and is expected to be re-elected at the gathering, which comes at a critical time for the movement.
“It’s the first congress since the armed struggle resumed,” the movement’s representative in South Africa, Islam Beissat, told AFP.
The conflict dates to 1975, when colonial occupier Spain withdrew from Western Sahara, sparking a 15-year war between the Polisario and Morocco for control of the territory.
That ended in a 1991 ceasefire deal with the North African kingdom in control of 80 percent of the resource-rich desert territory and the Polisario clinging to hopes of a UN-supervised referendum on independence provided for in the deal.
The referendum has never taken place.
The truce broke down in November 2020 after Morocco sent troops to the far south of the Western Sahara to disperse Sahrawi protesters who were blocking the sole highway to Mauritania and the rest of Africa, which the Polisario says was built after 1991 in violation of the agreement.
A string of deadly incidents has sparked fears of a return to full-blown conflict.
Morocco sees the entire Western Sahara, home to abundant phosphates and fisheries and the strategically vital highway to West Africa, as its sovereign territory, and has offered limited autonomy.
Since late 2020, the Polisario says it has been in “a war of legitimate defense” and has declared the entire Western Sahara, including its land, sea, and airspace, a “war zone”.
Stepping up the campaign
The congress comes as tensions spiral between Morocco and Algeria, which cut all diplomatic ties with its Neighbour in August 2021 over “hostile actions.”
The administration of former US president Donald Trump recognized Morocco’s sovereignty over the vast Western Sahara Desert territory. Emboldened by that support, Rabat has stepped up the pressure on other countries to back its position.
The Polisario is holding its 16th congress under the slogan “stepping up the campaign to make the occupier withdraw and to impose total sovereignty” in the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
The conference marks the end of mandates for the movement’s national secretariat, and for Ghali. He is a founding member and the SADR president.
“Sahrawi people will have their final word during this congress,” said Oumeima Abdeslam, the movement’s delegate to the United Nations in Geneva, who denied reports of an internal struggle over Ghali’s successor.
“The post of secretary general is not the monopoly of anyone,” she said.
“So far there is no list of candidates for the post. These are just rumors.”
New context
Algerian professor and international law expert Tahar Eddine Ammari predicted Ghali would be elected for another term, as “if the congress decides to replace him, the Sahrawi representation would be weakened”.
His continued rule is therefore “a logical choice for the Sahrawi fight to continue,” he said.
The movement, however, needs “to adapt to the new international context,” Ammari said, pointing to Spain’s declaration of support early last year for the Moroccan autonomy plan.
In late October, the UN Security Council called on the parties to resume negotiations without preconditions and in good faith “with a view to achieving a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution.”
It said this solution should provide for the self determination of the people of Western Sahara.
Its envoy to the region, Staffan de Mistura, has travelled several times to meet with the different parties since he was appointed in late 2021, but has made little visible progress.
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