Monday, July 7, 2025
  • News
  • Weather
    • Climate Business
    • Climate Change
    • Climate Solutions
    • Living Green
  • Business
  • Health
  • Opinion
  • Law & Order
  • Sports
  • Entertainment
  • Lifestyle
  • Sci-Tech
  • Behind The Brand
REGISTER
LOGIN
No Result
View All Result
The Kenya Times
  • News
    Rubio Marco speaks on USAID President Donald Trump while celebrating Women’s History Month PHOTO/WhiteHouse

    Trump’s Plan to Tame Red Sea Flops as Yemen Rebels Launch Attack

    Bomet County Voters

    Tyranny of Numbers: Distribution of 376,985 Voters in Bomet County

    Govt Suspends Immediate Travel from Mombasa to Nairobi Ahead of Saba Saba

    Govt Suspends Immediate Travel from Mombasa to Nairobi Ahead of Saba Saba

    Officials of the Kenya Bankers Association during a past meeting. PHOTO/KBA

    What is Hawala Money and Why Do Kenyan Banks Fear It?

    A photo of Kenya's Police car.

    Armed Goons Attack KHRC Offices Ahead of Saba Saba Protests

    EU Bans All Air Carriers Certified in Tanzania and Suriname

    Tanzania Announces Mandatory Ksh5,676 for Foreign Travelers

    IEBC Voters information verification

    How to Check & Verify Your IEBC Voter Details

    Ukraine Russia

    Ukraine Devises New Way to Outsmart Putin and Destroy Ammunition Fields

    Starlink photo and billionaire Elon Musk. Photo/ UGC

    Elon Musk Deploys Free Starlink Internet to Aid Texas Flood Rescues

  • Weather
    • Climate Business
    • Climate Change
    • Climate Solutions
    • Living Green
  • Business
    Officials of the Kenya Bankers Association during a past meeting. PHOTO/KBA

    What is Hawala Money and Why Do Kenyan Banks Fear It?

    Seamless 2025 Shows How AI Will Make Africa Cashless

    AI and Gen Z Will Driving Africa Toward a Cashless Future, Experts Say

    KRA Commissioner General Humphrey Wattanga speaking at a past event. PHOTO/KRA X

    KRA Issues Way Forward on Eldoret Congestion After Traders’ Outcry

    UK Leads in CBK Cross-Border Movement of Cash Survey

    Top Destinations Where Kenyans Are Wiring and Taking Physical Cash Abroad

    Co-op Partners with KTDA After Joining Africa's Top 25 List

    Co-op Bank to Invest Ksh1.2 Billion After Joining Africa’s Top 25 Largest Banks List

    EABL Names New Managing Director for Kenya in Major Leadership Shakeup

    EABL Names New Managing Director for KBL in Major Leadership Shakeup

    A person holding the Kenyan Shilling.

    Why Kenyan Shilling Has Strengthened in 2025 Compared to 2024

    Old Mutual offices

    Old Mutual to Cease Operations in South Sudan After Selling Tanzania Subsidiary

    Safaricom CEO Peter Ndegwa during the announcement of the company's 2425 Financial Year results. PHOTO/Safaricom PLC

    Safaricom Reports Ksh69.8 Billion Profit Ahead of 2025 AGM

  • Health
    Medical examiner or forensic scientist with dead man's corpse in morgue. Photo/ Pexel

    Pneumonia and Cancer Emerge Among Lead Causes of Death in Kenya

    Aga Khan University Hospital Section Head, Nuclear Radiology and Chair, Department of Radiology

    Aga Khan Leads the Region in Advancing Prostrate Cancer Treatment

    Kenyatta National Hospital Gets EIB Global Boost for Energy Supply

    European Union Bank Intervenes to Help KNH Solve Frequent Blackout Challenge

    Govt Confirms Ksh 46,120 Monthly Pay for Intern Doctors

    Kenyan Govt Confirms Ksh46,120 Monthly Pay for Intern Doctors

    Tips on How to Navigate Raising Adolescents Teenagers

    One in Five Kenyan Teens at Risk of Mental Health Disorders – Report

    A first aid kit. PHOTO: Independence

    Basic First Aid Procedure For Injured

    Huduma Center Building, Kenya.

    Huduma Kenya Introduces Sign Language Interpreters

    BCG Vaccines Shortage Adressed as Kenya Receives 3M Doses

    Duale Says Ruto Signed Law Allowing SHIF Deductions in December 2024

    SHA headquarters in Nairobi

    High Court Judge Says SHIF Deductions Are Illegal

  • Opinion
    Kenya 2025/26 Budget Draws Criticism Over Tax Burden

    Demystifying Revenue Measures and Expenditure Outlook in Kenya – 2025/26

    Discipline Crisis: How Weak Parenting Shapes Our Youth

    The Crisis of Discipline: How Weak Parenting is Shaping a Bleak Future for Our Youth

    Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action

    Why African Higher Education Should Focus on Disaster Management & Climate Change

    Govt to Recognize Jobless Kenyans Without Certificates. Miguna Miguna Calls Out Ruto On Useless Degrees Remarks

    Kenya’s Universities Are Producing Graduates, But Is the Industry Ready to Receive Them?

    Why Gen Z protests are a threat to Kenya's politics and status quo

    Gen Z Is Not Passing Cloud But Seismic Change

    Donald

    At June’s NATO Summit, Just Keeping Donald Trump in the Room Will Be Seen as A Victory

    NPSC Selection Panel Shortlists Eric Kiraithe, Mwachanya

    How To Stop Kenya’s Police from Killing with Impunity

    Health Worker Handling Mpox Vaccine Vials PHOTO/KBC

    Understanding How Mpox Spreads, Symptoms, and How to Prevent

    Discipline Crisis: How Weak Parenting Shapes Our Youth

    Celebrating Father’s Day Unsung Heroes

  • Law & Order
    Sudan Army & Military soldiers patrol streets Juba PHOTO/UNICEF

    How Military Operations Get Their Codenames Around the World

    OCS Talaam

    Court Grants OCS Taalam Time in Albert Ojwang’ Death Inquest

    Guns recovered by police from civilians

    7 People Who Stole Guns During Gen Z Protests Arrested

    Aroko Turns to State Witness in Kasipul MP Murder Case

    New Twist as Businessman Aroko Turns to State Witness in Kasipul MP Murder Case

    LSK President Faith Odhiambo at a past function. PHOTO/Faith Odhiambo

    Faith Odhiambo Teaches Kenyans What to Do When Arrested During Protests

    NTSA on Road safety compliance checks at Luqman along the Nairobi-Mombasa Highway. Photo/NTSA

    NTSA Introduces New Traffic Rules for School Buses, Matatus and Trucks

    Babu Owino Slams Sakaja Over Goons Disrupting Protests

    Babu Owino’s Message to Sakaja After Expose of Goons Hired to Disrupt Protests

    Vocal Africa CEO, Hussein Khalid

    Hussein Khalid Profile: Background, Education and Career

    Dusit D2 Terror Attack Suspects Found Guilty Sentenced

    Court Sentences Duo Found Guilty of Funding Dusit D2 Terror Attack

  • Sports
    Nairobi City Marathon: Murkomen and Chepkemoi Win Marathon

    Murkomen Wins Millions in Nairobi City Marathon

    Beatrice Chebet Profile: Education, Family and Net Worth

    Profile of Beatrice Chebet, New 5000m World Record Holder

    Gor Mahia's defender Rooney Onyango (left) and his teammate Benson Omalla celebrate in a past match.

    Gor Mahia, Club CEO Ray Oruo Split Amidst Ongoing Overhaul

    Kenya Morans Humiliate Nigeria in Rugby Africa Sevens

    Simbas Name Squad As 2027 RWC Qualifiers Begins Tomorrow

    Traffic Police officers in a past assignment.

    Motorists Association of Kenya Expose NPS Traffic Extortion

    Key Lessons from the Great Gor Mahia Trophyless Season

    Key Lessons from the Trophyless Season by Great Gor Mahia

    André Onana Free to Leave Manchester United on Loan

    André Onana Free to Leave Manchester United on Loan

    Chelsea Slam U.S. Club World Cup as “Unworthy & Shocking”

    Chelsea Slam U.S. Club World Cup as “Unworthy &Shocking”

    Rally Italia Sardegna_Hyundai Shell Mobis World Rally Team

    Hankook Tire Powers the WRC’s ‘EKO Acropolis Rally Greece’

  • Entertainment
    Elon Musk Father

    How Elon Musk’s Father Married His Stepdaughter

    Pastor Livingston Makali Sells Prayers for Ksh5,000

    Pastor Livingston Makali Sells Prayers for Ksh5,000

    Karangu Wa Muraya Criticised Over His SHA Praises.

    Karangu Muraya Faces Backlash After Appealing for Medical Support

    American Mogul Tyler Perry

    Tyler Perry Sued for Sexual Assault by Actor Derek Dixon

    A photo of phone screens with the WhatsApp app. PHOTO/Nextpit.

    WhatsApp to Introduce Ads on Status & Channels

    Senator Hezena Lemaletian

    Senator Says Her Life Is in Danger After Rejecting Marriage Proposal

  • Lifestyle
    Elon Musk Father

    How Elon Musk’s Father Married His Stepdaughter

    Murphy

    From Co-Stars to Family: Eddie Murphy and Martin Lawrence Children Get Married

    Robbie Lyle, the Arsenal Superfan Who Revolutionised Football Media

    Meet Robbie Lyle: The Arsenal Superfan Who Revolutionized Football Media

    Ida Odinga and her husband Raila cut a cake at Villa Rosa Kempinski in Nairobi on August 24, 2023 at a party to celebrate her birthday and their anniversary.

    Raila Shares One Secret of a Lasting Marriage as He Graces Glamorous Wedding 

    Thriving business of Second-Hand Clothes PHOTO/Nation

    Leading Sources of Kenya’s Mitumba

    Cleaning a dirty fridge PHOTO/The Spruce

    Step-by-Step Process for Cleaning Your Fridge

  • Sci-Tech
    First Kenyan-Owned Aircraft to Land on Australian Soil

    First Kenyan-Owned Aircraft to Land on Australian Soil

    Step by Step Guide to Managing Your Google Account Storage.

    Out of Google Storage? Here’s How to Free Up Space Without Deleting Important Data

    President William Ruto inspecting ongoing Affordable Housing Project. PHOTO/PCS.

    Zuku Launches Ksh10 Per Day Wi-Fi

    Microsoft Headquarters. PHOTO/ Microsft

    Why Microsoft is Firing 6,000 Employees After Sacking 10,000 Two Years Ago

    A collage of AI photo and an English love poem that has been translated into a local language by Simba AI PHOTO/CLA/Simba AI Launch

    Simba AI: Kenya’s First AI That Understands & Translates English into Local Language

    properties of AICAR and its possible impact on different research domains.

    AICAR Peptide: Insights into Its Possible Role in Research and Future Implications

  • Behind The Brand
  • News
    Rubio Marco speaks on USAID President Donald Trump while celebrating Women’s History Month PHOTO/WhiteHouse

    Trump’s Plan to Tame Red Sea Flops as Yemen Rebels Launch Attack

    Bomet County Voters

    Tyranny of Numbers: Distribution of 376,985 Voters in Bomet County

    Govt Suspends Immediate Travel from Mombasa to Nairobi Ahead of Saba Saba

    Govt Suspends Immediate Travel from Mombasa to Nairobi Ahead of Saba Saba

    Officials of the Kenya Bankers Association during a past meeting. PHOTO/KBA

    What is Hawala Money and Why Do Kenyan Banks Fear It?

    A photo of Kenya's Police car.

    Armed Goons Attack KHRC Offices Ahead of Saba Saba Protests

    EU Bans All Air Carriers Certified in Tanzania and Suriname

    Tanzania Announces Mandatory Ksh5,676 for Foreign Travelers

    IEBC Voters information verification

    How to Check & Verify Your IEBC Voter Details

    Ukraine Russia

    Ukraine Devises New Way to Outsmart Putin and Destroy Ammunition Fields

    Starlink photo and billionaire Elon Musk. Photo/ UGC

    Elon Musk Deploys Free Starlink Internet to Aid Texas Flood Rescues

  • Weather
    • Climate Business
    • Climate Change
    • Climate Solutions
    • Living Green
  • Business
    Officials of the Kenya Bankers Association during a past meeting. PHOTO/KBA

    What is Hawala Money and Why Do Kenyan Banks Fear It?

    Seamless 2025 Shows How AI Will Make Africa Cashless

    AI and Gen Z Will Driving Africa Toward a Cashless Future, Experts Say

    KRA Commissioner General Humphrey Wattanga speaking at a past event. PHOTO/KRA X

    KRA Issues Way Forward on Eldoret Congestion After Traders’ Outcry

    UK Leads in CBK Cross-Border Movement of Cash Survey

    Top Destinations Where Kenyans Are Wiring and Taking Physical Cash Abroad

    Co-op Partners with KTDA After Joining Africa's Top 25 List

    Co-op Bank to Invest Ksh1.2 Billion After Joining Africa’s Top 25 Largest Banks List

    EABL Names New Managing Director for Kenya in Major Leadership Shakeup

    EABL Names New Managing Director for KBL in Major Leadership Shakeup

    A person holding the Kenyan Shilling.

    Why Kenyan Shilling Has Strengthened in 2025 Compared to 2024

    Old Mutual offices

    Old Mutual to Cease Operations in South Sudan After Selling Tanzania Subsidiary

    Safaricom CEO Peter Ndegwa during the announcement of the company's 2425 Financial Year results. PHOTO/Safaricom PLC

    Safaricom Reports Ksh69.8 Billion Profit Ahead of 2025 AGM

  • Health
    Medical examiner or forensic scientist with dead man's corpse in morgue. Photo/ Pexel

    Pneumonia and Cancer Emerge Among Lead Causes of Death in Kenya

    Aga Khan University Hospital Section Head, Nuclear Radiology and Chair, Department of Radiology

    Aga Khan Leads the Region in Advancing Prostrate Cancer Treatment

    Kenyatta National Hospital Gets EIB Global Boost for Energy Supply

    European Union Bank Intervenes to Help KNH Solve Frequent Blackout Challenge

    Govt Confirms Ksh 46,120 Monthly Pay for Intern Doctors

    Kenyan Govt Confirms Ksh46,120 Monthly Pay for Intern Doctors

    Tips on How to Navigate Raising Adolescents Teenagers

    One in Five Kenyan Teens at Risk of Mental Health Disorders – Report

    A first aid kit. PHOTO: Independence

    Basic First Aid Procedure For Injured

    Huduma Center Building, Kenya.

    Huduma Kenya Introduces Sign Language Interpreters

    BCG Vaccines Shortage Adressed as Kenya Receives 3M Doses

    Duale Says Ruto Signed Law Allowing SHIF Deductions in December 2024

    SHA headquarters in Nairobi

    High Court Judge Says SHIF Deductions Are Illegal

  • Opinion
    Kenya 2025/26 Budget Draws Criticism Over Tax Burden

    Demystifying Revenue Measures and Expenditure Outlook in Kenya – 2025/26

    Discipline Crisis: How Weak Parenting Shapes Our Youth

    The Crisis of Discipline: How Weak Parenting is Shaping a Bleak Future for Our Youth

    Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action

    Why African Higher Education Should Focus on Disaster Management & Climate Change

    Govt to Recognize Jobless Kenyans Without Certificates. Miguna Miguna Calls Out Ruto On Useless Degrees Remarks

    Kenya’s Universities Are Producing Graduates, But Is the Industry Ready to Receive Them?

    Why Gen Z protests are a threat to Kenya's politics and status quo

    Gen Z Is Not Passing Cloud But Seismic Change

    Donald

    At June’s NATO Summit, Just Keeping Donald Trump in the Room Will Be Seen as A Victory

    NPSC Selection Panel Shortlists Eric Kiraithe, Mwachanya

    How To Stop Kenya’s Police from Killing with Impunity

    Health Worker Handling Mpox Vaccine Vials PHOTO/KBC

    Understanding How Mpox Spreads, Symptoms, and How to Prevent

    Discipline Crisis: How Weak Parenting Shapes Our Youth

    Celebrating Father’s Day Unsung Heroes

  • Law & Order
    Sudan Army & Military soldiers patrol streets Juba PHOTO/UNICEF

    How Military Operations Get Their Codenames Around the World

    OCS Talaam

    Court Grants OCS Taalam Time in Albert Ojwang’ Death Inquest

    Guns recovered by police from civilians

    7 People Who Stole Guns During Gen Z Protests Arrested

    Aroko Turns to State Witness in Kasipul MP Murder Case

    New Twist as Businessman Aroko Turns to State Witness in Kasipul MP Murder Case

    LSK President Faith Odhiambo at a past function. PHOTO/Faith Odhiambo

    Faith Odhiambo Teaches Kenyans What to Do When Arrested During Protests

    NTSA on Road safety compliance checks at Luqman along the Nairobi-Mombasa Highway. Photo/NTSA

    NTSA Introduces New Traffic Rules for School Buses, Matatus and Trucks

    Babu Owino Slams Sakaja Over Goons Disrupting Protests

    Babu Owino’s Message to Sakaja After Expose of Goons Hired to Disrupt Protests

    Vocal Africa CEO, Hussein Khalid

    Hussein Khalid Profile: Background, Education and Career

    Dusit D2 Terror Attack Suspects Found Guilty Sentenced

    Court Sentences Duo Found Guilty of Funding Dusit D2 Terror Attack

  • Sports
    Nairobi City Marathon: Murkomen and Chepkemoi Win Marathon

    Murkomen Wins Millions in Nairobi City Marathon

    Beatrice Chebet Profile: Education, Family and Net Worth

    Profile of Beatrice Chebet, New 5000m World Record Holder

    Gor Mahia's defender Rooney Onyango (left) and his teammate Benson Omalla celebrate in a past match.

    Gor Mahia, Club CEO Ray Oruo Split Amidst Ongoing Overhaul

    Kenya Morans Humiliate Nigeria in Rugby Africa Sevens

    Simbas Name Squad As 2027 RWC Qualifiers Begins Tomorrow

    Traffic Police officers in a past assignment.

    Motorists Association of Kenya Expose NPS Traffic Extortion

    Key Lessons from the Great Gor Mahia Trophyless Season

    Key Lessons from the Trophyless Season by Great Gor Mahia

    André Onana Free to Leave Manchester United on Loan

    André Onana Free to Leave Manchester United on Loan

    Chelsea Slam U.S. Club World Cup as “Unworthy & Shocking”

    Chelsea Slam U.S. Club World Cup as “Unworthy &Shocking”

    Rally Italia Sardegna_Hyundai Shell Mobis World Rally Team

    Hankook Tire Powers the WRC’s ‘EKO Acropolis Rally Greece’

  • Entertainment
    Elon Musk Father

    How Elon Musk’s Father Married His Stepdaughter

    Pastor Livingston Makali Sells Prayers for Ksh5,000

    Pastor Livingston Makali Sells Prayers for Ksh5,000

    Karangu Wa Muraya Criticised Over His SHA Praises.

    Karangu Muraya Faces Backlash After Appealing for Medical Support

    American Mogul Tyler Perry

    Tyler Perry Sued for Sexual Assault by Actor Derek Dixon

    A photo of phone screens with the WhatsApp app. PHOTO/Nextpit.

    WhatsApp to Introduce Ads on Status & Channels

    Senator Hezena Lemaletian

    Senator Says Her Life Is in Danger After Rejecting Marriage Proposal

  • Lifestyle
    Elon Musk Father

    How Elon Musk’s Father Married His Stepdaughter

    Murphy

    From Co-Stars to Family: Eddie Murphy and Martin Lawrence Children Get Married

    Robbie Lyle, the Arsenal Superfan Who Revolutionised Football Media

    Meet Robbie Lyle: The Arsenal Superfan Who Revolutionized Football Media

    Ida Odinga and her husband Raila cut a cake at Villa Rosa Kempinski in Nairobi on August 24, 2023 at a party to celebrate her birthday and their anniversary.

    Raila Shares One Secret of a Lasting Marriage as He Graces Glamorous Wedding 

    Thriving business of Second-Hand Clothes PHOTO/Nation

    Leading Sources of Kenya’s Mitumba

    Cleaning a dirty fridge PHOTO/The Spruce

    Step-by-Step Process for Cleaning Your Fridge

  • Sci-Tech
    First Kenyan-Owned Aircraft to Land on Australian Soil

    First Kenyan-Owned Aircraft to Land on Australian Soil

    Step by Step Guide to Managing Your Google Account Storage.

    Out of Google Storage? Here’s How to Free Up Space Without Deleting Important Data

    President William Ruto inspecting ongoing Affordable Housing Project. PHOTO/PCS.

    Zuku Launches Ksh10 Per Day Wi-Fi

    Microsoft Headquarters. PHOTO/ Microsft

    Why Microsoft is Firing 6,000 Employees After Sacking 10,000 Two Years Ago

    A collage of AI photo and an English love poem that has been translated into a local language by Simba AI PHOTO/CLA/Simba AI Launch

    Simba AI: Kenya’s First AI That Understands & Translates English into Local Language

    properties of AICAR and its possible impact on different research domains.

    AICAR Peptide: Insights into Its Possible Role in Research and Future Implications

  • Behind The Brand
No Result
View All Result
The Kenya Times ~ Trending, Breaking News and Videos
No Result
View All Result
ADVERTISEMENT

Drivers of electoral violence in Kenya: Red flags to watch out for

by Emma Elfversson
May 2, 2022
Reading Time: 8 mins read
FacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWhatsApp

Kenya’s National Cohesion and Integration Commission recently listed 23 counties that are considered potential violence hotspots ahead of the country’s August 2022 elections.

This mapping is part of the commission’s mission to ensure a peaceful election. Several of Kenya’s past polls have seen high levels of violence. The violence that broke out after the 2007 elections stands out in particular. It caused over a thousand fatalities and led to a national crisis.

Hiding behind a barricade, an armed Police Officer shoots at rioters

This was eventually resolved through a coalition government and constitutional reform.

Election-related violence in Kenya often takes the form of inter-communal violence. This involves groups – without formal organization – clashing along identity lines. Violence between ethnic groups aligned with Kenya’s main political parties has erupted in connection to the 1992, 1997, 2008 and 2017 elections.

Existing research indicates that patronage politics, a history of violent conflict and high-stakes elections increase the risks of poll violence. These studies have mainly focused on national-level drivers of violence.

My research has explored the causes of communal violence at a more local level. Much of my work has focused on Kenya.

I highlight a few key drivers of communal conflict that could inform efforts to predict and prevent election violence in Kenya.

Drivers of conflict

Communal violence erupts in connection with elections for different reasons. Firstly, some of it is directly election related.

For instance, politicians may instigate violence to frighten opponents. They may also use hate speech, which makes groups more hostile to each other and increases the risk of violence.

Secondly, violence may erupt due to local conflicts that aren’t directly election related. The uncertainty and re-negotiation of power relations during the election period causes conflict to intensify.

To understand local risks of violence, it’s therefore important to look at local-level conflict dynamics and what is at stake in the elections.

A man flees from teargas fired by anti-riot police in Nairobi after Kenya’s 2017 elections | AFP

While analyses of past episodes of election violence in Kenya have often focused on national-level political actors, the current devolved system of governance matters for local violence risks.

The 2010 constitution allocates significant financial and political power to Kenya’s 47 counties. In part, devolution was aimed at decreasing the risks of large-scale election violence by diminishing the importance of national power.

However, it increased the importance of which political bloc wins at the county level. This has implications for those who have access to local resources and patrimonial networks.

The fact that elections in Kenya often heighten inter-communal tensions has roots in political developments during and after colonial rule. Successive political leaders and aspirants have used group-based grievances to mobilize voters and, at times, violent militias.

Importantly, land tenure has remained closely connected to communal identity in Kenya. Land is important for livelihood but also for belonging. Narratives about ancestral land and first-comer status have often played a role in political mobilization. For example, former President Daniel Moi threatened his constituents in the Rift Valley that they would lose access to their ancestral land if they voted for the opposition.

Regions where land conflicts are prominent – and politicians are mobilizing based on these conflicts – are areas to watch for signs of violence. Such conflicts may be very localized, with relatively small geographic areas contested along group lines. If such conflicts are perceived as intertwined with election outcomes, the risk of election-related violence increases.

The risk of violence also depends on perceptions of vulnerability and state bias.

If local communities don’t trust the government to impartially protect their interests and basic needs, they are more likely to support violence to ensure that political candidates who claim to represent them win.

Research by others has shown how people who felt their ethnic community had long been neglected by the government turned to violence when they perceived ‘their’ candidate was robbed of victory in the 2007 election.

Conflict may also erupt in reaction to changed local boundaries. Redrawing boundaries or creating new constituencies can affect local election outcomes and has been frequent in Kenya since the 1990s. Such shifts may change the balance of power and local election outcomes.

This can spark a violent response in cases where inter-group tension is high. For example, in Mandera, the creation of new districts fueled tensions that erupted into major inter-clan violence in 2005.

Kenyan police roughs up a woman, during the 2017 post-election riots

Finally, drivers of communal violence can differ between urban and rural areas. Cities have high density and mobilization potential.

They also have the starkest inequality between the rich and poor. These factors can be used to instigate violence.

After the 2007 elections, Nairobi and other cities saw high levels of violence, particularly in informal settlements. Kenya’s cohesion commission points to informal settlements as a risk factor for election violence. Not all informal settlements become violent, however.

Mobilization strategies and connections between political aspirants and local violent gangs are important factors to consider when analyzing which urban settlements are at risk. It’s also necessary to consider local violence prevention and conflict resolution strategies.

Strengthening solutions

My research in Kerio Valley illustrates how mediation and dialogue can yield peaceful solutions to local conflicts. More generally, local dialogue can reduce tensions between communal groups and increase perceptions of security.

It’s, therefore, important to pay attention to local dialogue and prevention efforts when predicting local risks of violence. However, the mere presence of dialogue or agreement may not be sufficient.

Others have found that local peace agreements are more likely to be effective if they are facilitated by trusted and legitimate mediators. They also need to include clear implementation and enforcement of stipulations.

Sometimes, communities agree on how to share local power after elections, for instance by nominating different county positions from different groups. A study from Nigeria found that such arrangements promote inter-group tolerance, reduce fears of exploitation and make politicians less likely to use divisive rhetoric.

Presidential Candidate Raila Odinga’s bulletproof car shot at

In the Kenyan context, a comparison of two violence-affected areas indicated that the presence of such an arrangement in Nakuru County decreased hostility and confrontation during the gubernatorial race in 2017. Political discourse in Uasin Gishu, which had no such agreement, was more antagonistic and intimidating. 

Risks in ‘mapping hotspots’

Kenya’s cohesion commission uses a 13-point risk matrix to identify areas at high risk of election violence. Many of the variables it uses resonate with existing research on communal violence. It is also encouraging that the commission pays attention to prevention strategies, as well as risk factors.

However, a note of caution. While the approach of mapping risk areas may help prevent violence – for instance by devoting more resources to certain counties – there are risks in this.

Research in Haiti has highlighted that the mapping of risk areas can have adverse effects on the local economy. In the worst case, it can become a self-reinforcing prophecy as it increases threat perceptions.

Given that antagonistic political rhetoric in Kenya has often played on communities’ fears of victimization, this risk needs to be kept in mind.The Conversation

Emma Elfversson, Associate professor, Uppsala University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Tags: Elections 2022 KeHate SpeechKenyaPEVPost-Election Violence
Emma Elfversson

Emma Elfversson

My research interests concern ethnic politics and communal conflict, the role of state and non-state actors in addressing communal conflicts, and rural/urban dimensions of organized violence. I currently lead the project The Urban Dilemma. I employ both qualitative and quantitative methods; field research focuses on cases in Kenya. I hold a Ph.D. (2017) from Uppsala University. My doctoral thesis is entitled Central Politics and Local Peacemaking: The Conditions for Peace after Communal Conflict. Prior to my Ph.D. studies, I worked for two years as a research assistant with the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)

Related Posts

Kenya 2025/26 Budget Draws Criticism Over Tax Burden

Demystifying Revenue Measures and Expenditure Outlook in Kenya – 2025/26

July 5, 2025
Discipline Crisis: How Weak Parenting Shapes Our Youth

The Crisis of Discipline: How Weak Parenting is Shaping a Bleak Future for Our Youth

July 1, 2025
Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action

Why African Higher Education Should Focus on Disaster Management & Climate Change

June 28, 2025
Govt to Recognize Jobless Kenyans Without Certificates. Miguna Miguna Calls Out Ruto On Useless Degrees Remarks

Kenya’s Universities Are Producing Graduates, But Is the Industry Ready to Receive Them?

June 28, 2025
Advertisement

LATEST ARTICLES

  • Faces Behind the Saba Saba Protests Who Are Still Alive
  • IEBC Announces Voter Verification Portal Maintenance
  • Trump’s Plan to Tame Red Sea Flops as Yemen Rebels Launch Attack
  • Tyranny of Numbers: Distribution of 376,985 Voters in Bomet County
  • Govt Suspends Immediate Travel from Mombasa to Nairobi Ahead of Saba Saba
  • What is Hawala Money and Why Do Kenyan Banks Fear It?
  • Armed Goons Attack KHRC Offices Ahead of Saba Saba Protests
  • Maj. Audie Murphy: U.S. Soldier Who Fought Off a German Assault Alone
  • Esther Passaris Reveals Alleged Sponsors Behind Saba Saba Protests
  • Tanzania Announces Mandatory Ksh5,676 for Foreign Travelers
  • How to Check & Verify Your IEBC Voter Details
  • Ukraine Devises New Way to Outsmart Putin and Destroy Ammunition Fields
  • Murkomen Wins Millions in Nairobi City Marathon
  • AI and Gen Z Will Driving Africa Toward a Cashless Future, Experts Say
  • Fire Outbreak at Embakasi Girls School in Mukuru
Advertisement

Company

About Us

Our Authors

Our Experts

Social Media

Policies

Privacy Policy

House Rules

Standards and Policies

Terms and Conditions

Subscription

My Account

Contact Us

Contact Us

Join Our Team

Advertise With Us

© Copyright 2025 | The Kenya Times | All Rights Reserved

Welcome Back!

Sign In with Facebook
Sign In with Google
Sign In with Linked In
OR

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password? Sign Up

Create New Account!

Sign Up with Facebook
Sign Up with Google
Sign Up with Linked In
OR

Fill the forms below to register

All fields are required. Log In

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In
Your Privacy and Cookies
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies.
Do not sell my personal information.
Cookie settingsACCEPT
Privacy & Cookies Policy

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.
Necessary
Always Enabled
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.
Functional
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
Analytics
Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
Advertisement
Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.
Others
Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.
SAVE & ACCEPT
LOGIN | REGISTER
  • Login
  • Sign Up
  • Cart
No Result
View All Result
  • News
    • Diaspora News
    • National News
    • World News
  • Weather
  • Climate
    • Climate Business
    • Climate Change
    • Climate Solutions
    • Environment
  • Business
    • Banking
    • Cryptocurrency
    • Money Markets
    • Real Estate
    • Startups
  • Health
    • Mens Health
    • Mental Health
    • Wellness
    • Womens Health
  • Law & Order
    • Cyber Crime
    • Courts
    • Financial Fraud
    • Missing Persons
  • Sports
    • Athletics
    • Basketball
    • Boxing
    • Cricket
    • Football
    • Formula 1
    • Golf
    • Rugby
  • Entertainment
    • Music
    • Movies
  • Lifestyle
    • Arts & Culture
    • Disabilities Matters
    • Family
    • Fashion
    • Food
    • Human Interest
    • Travel & Tourism
  • Opinion
    • Editorials
    • Letters to Editor
    • John Mukum Mbaku
    • Makau Mutua
    • Peter Ongera
    • Salim Lone
    • XN Iraki
  • Sci-Tech
  • Behind The Brand
  • Contact Us

© 2024 The Kenya Times | Our Privacy Policy | Standards and Policies | House Rules